中学英语教师资格证笔试高频知识点解读（一）

http://www.hteacher.net 2020-09-18 09:12 中国教师资格网 [您的教师考试网]

3.英语语言学常识： 语言学常识是资格证考试的必考点，其题量为5-6题左右;涉及的的语言学分支范围较广，如语言学的基本概念(包括语言的本质特征及其功能)、语音学(phonetics)、音系学(phonology)、形态学(morphology)、句法学(syntax)、语义学(semantics)、语用学(pragmatics)及一些语言学跨学科分支如社会语言学(socio-linguistics)心理语言学 (psycho-linguistics)、应用语言学(applied linguistics);同时考查的知识点细小、具体，往往让对语言学知识知之甚少或者一知半解的考生感到措手不及。对此，笔者将近年来试题中出现的语言学知识必考知识点进行罗列介绍。

①语言的本质特征。它是指人类语言区别于其他动物交流方式的本质特征，包括任意性(arbitrary)、创造性(productive)、二重性(dual)、移位性(displacement)、文化传递性(cultural transmission);如下题

Juliet says in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet: “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” Her words pinpoint the fact that language is B .

A. recursive B. arbitrary C. culturally specific D. creative

该知识点难度较低，考查方式也较直接，考生只要理解其概念并加以识记其英文表达即可。

②语音学。语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介， 即人类语言中使用的全部语音。在资格证考试中是语言学的必考点，其考查的重点集中在辅音元音的分类及相应描述、音节划分、单词重音和句子重音、音调。如

Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature? ___A__

A. /f, θ, s,∫/ B. /t, θ, z,∫/

C. /f, θ, z, ʒ/ D. /t, d, z, ʒ/

Which of the following correctly describes the English phoneme/θ/?___A___

A.A voiceless dental fricative B A voiceless alveolar fricative

C. A voiceless dental plosive D.A voiceless alveolar plosive.

Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?___C____

A. Origin, Original, Originality B. oRIgin, oRIginal, oRIginality

C. Origin, oRIginal, origiNAlity D. oRIgin, oRIginal, OrigiNAlity

Decide on the correct stress pattern of the answer to the question.

——Where did he go next?

—— D .

A. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

B. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

C. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

D. He turned to the left at the end of the street.

综合近几年的试题笔者发现辅音以及重音是高频考点，在往后的考试中其重要性也不会削弱，因为作为未来的英语老师需要教授学生正确的英语发音和重音位置，用地道的英语口语进行表达。对此，特为大家梳理关于其相关知识点。

首先就辅音分类：(1).辅音可根据气流产生声音时声带震动的情况，分为：清辅音(voiceless consonants：/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/ /tʃ/ /ts/ /tr/)和浊辅音(voiced consonants: /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /r/ /dʒ/ /dz/ /dr/ /j/ /w/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /l/ ); (2). 根据发音部位的不同可分为唇音(bilabials：[p] [b] [m] [w]); 唇齿音 (labiodentals：[f]和[v]);齿间音(interdentals：[θ]和[ð]);齿龈音(alveolars：[t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [r] [n]);硬腭音 (palatals：[∫] [з] [t∫] [dз] [j]);软腭音(velars:[k] [ɡ] [ŋ])喉音(glottal：[h]);(3). 根据发音方式的不同，英语的辅音可以分为爆破(plosive consonants, stops)，如[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [ɡ], 摩擦(fricatives)：[f] [v][ θ] [ð] [s] [z] [∫] [з] [h]; 破擦音(affricates)：[t∫] [dз]; 流音(liquids)：[l] [r]; 半元音，滑音(glides：[j] [w]);鼻音(nasals: [m] [n] [ŋ]);

其次就单词重音而言;

(1)单音节单词都需要重读，无需标注重音符号‘，如dog [dɔɡ] 、bang [bæŋ]等;

(2)双音节词一般在第一个音重读，如letter['letə]、origin['ɔrɪdʒɪn]; 动词靠第二如forget[fə'get];形、副、名后缀，地位比较低如helpful ['hɛlpfl]，quickly ['kwɪkli], phyisician [fɪ'zɪʃən];既动又形名，规律照适应，如record做名词形容词时为[ ˈrɛkəd]，作动词时为[rɪˈkɔrd];

(3)多音节单词一般倒数第三个音节为重音，如difficult['dɪfɪkəlt]; 有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音， es'tablishment [ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt];词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上，如originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ]; 另外词尾有-ee, -eer, -ese, -ette后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音，次重音一般在主重音前第二个音节上， 如Japanese [,dʒæpə'niz]等。

就句子中单词重音而言，遵循以下原则：实词重读(副词重读)，虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be;然后在下列情况下实词不重读，如

a)实词第二次出现He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b)一个名词被第二个名词修 I met her in the railway station.

c)代替词Which book do you want? The small one.

d)感叹词中的what和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening

虚词重读的特殊情况

a)情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。

Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am.

b)情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。

They may come this evening. Can it be five already?

c)介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter.

d)引导复合句的连词在句首。 If you wish, I'll visit you.

When he comes, I'll tell him.

e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.

综上可知，语音学是资格证语言学的必考点，其考点细、具体、灵活，需要考生完全理解其知识点，能够灵活应用理论知识解决具体问题，做到融会贯通;

③音系学。音系学研究的是某一特定语言的语音体系，即音在特定的语言中是如何结合产生有意义的单位来进行交际。音系学相关知识也是语言学常识的一个高频考点，往年出现试题如下：

Which of the following consonant clusters may NOT serve as the beginning of a word?___D____

A. /spr/ B. /skw/

C. /str/ D. /swt/

The phrase “in bed” is pronounced as __B__ in real speech.

A. /in’bed/ B. /im’bed/

C. /’inbəd/ D./’imbəd/

The phoneme /n/ in the first word of all the following phrases changes to /m/ EXCEPT .

A. open book B. open marker

C. brown paper D. brown hat

相较语音学，音系学知识点的识记繁琐程度要低，考生们只要能记住其相关基本概念即可，具体罗列如下：

音位对立(Phonemic contrast):如果两个音位(phonemes)可以出现在相同的语音环境中，且具有区别语义的功能，那么它们就形成了音位对立(different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast), 如tip和dip中的/t/和/d/。

互补分布(complementrary distribution):体现的是同一音位不同音位变体(allophones)从不出现在相同的位置上，且没有区别意义的功能(allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They don’t distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts)。如top中送气的[th]和stop中不送气的[t]的关系是互补关系。[th]不能出现在[s]后，而[t] 也不能出现在词首。

最小对立体(minimal pairs)：指的是在同一位置上只有一词之差的一对词(When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair)。如tip/dip，pig/dig;pen/和ben.

责任编辑：郭爽